Naima zayla forex
Reewin youth fraternity. Originally, the youth served as middlemen between the nomads and the tailors who made their clothes. More recently, aaw sheeng refers to sport and literary clubs whose memberships are made up of men of the same age. Somalis, particularly the Asharafs, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and cousin Ali, regard the household of the Prophet with special honor. In , Abdi Bile won the world 1,meter championship in Rome.
He was also the World Cup 1,meter champion in and a Grand Prix finalist in and In , Abdi Bile set a record, In , he set the African record in the 1, meters Abdi Bile was born in Taleh, once headquarters of the dervishes, and raised by his uncle Mohamed Abdi Geelle, a police officer in Laas Anood in the Nugaal region.
In , Abdi moved to Mogadishu for further education and enrolled in the school of veterinary sciences. The coach, Hassan Warsame, recruited him for the city track club. In , Abdi clocked , just short of the winning time of Enrolling as a freshman in , he won the National Collegiate Athletic Association track championship twice for George Mason, first in and second in His time was He felt that his country had athletic potential and he hoped to coach after graduation.
Two years after he graduated, Somalia collapsed, so his dreams went unfulfilled. A poet and musical innovator. He was born in Jarahorato, Borama District, but lived most of his life in Djibouti. In , Abdi-Sinimo first hummed the opening lines of a poem, later recognized as in the Balwo genre which some say he created , to entertain himself while repairing a broken vehicle.
The poem begins: Balwoy! Hoy balwoy Waha i baleyey mooyaan Waha i baleyey babur Waha i baleyey berguba. With these lines, Abdi-Sinimo started the modern northern Somali song tradition. In , he retired from driving and went into music full time. He later created a Balwo band at Borama.
In the early s, Abdi-Sinimo moved to Djibouti, where he later died. Of the Geledi clan, he was born in Umur Beere near Afgoy. His formal education —59 was in marine science at the Scuola Maritima; he also completed a teachertraining program at the Scuola Magistrale in He was later a judge in the district court in Mogadishu. He resigned in the early s and founded a private law firm to defend the public from government abuse and corruption.
He also joined a secret society of the riverine people in opposition to Mohamed Siad Barre. Indeed, most of the educated elite opposing Barre were in jail or living in exile. During the UN operation, he campaigned for disarmament as a prerequisite for reconciliation and rehabilitation. He represented the SDM in all local and overseas conferences from to He was a firm believer in federalism and regional autonomy. In August , the two movements cosponsored the pan-Digil and Mirifle Congress of Baidoa and established the first regional government, which was led by Dr.
For health reasons, Abdi Musa retired from politics in and joined his wife and children in Geneva, Switzerland. Poet-musician, commonly known as Abdillahi Qarshe. As a boy, he was fascinated by music and memorized Hindi and Arabic songs from the radio and films. Songs, music, and films were then taboo among the nomads of the north. Thus he is considered the father of northern Somali music and one of the first in northern Somalia to compose poems that could be sung. During the military era — , Qarshe revolutionized the Waaberi the national artists and performers club , which trained many young musicians and received many medals and awards.
Abdillahi Qarshe died in London on 28 October His body was flown back to Hargeisa, where it rests today. Famous poet. In his early teens he started composing and reciting poetry initially, he could neither read nor write. His father and mother died when Abdillahi was very young. In , Abdillahi Suldaan migrated to Harar, where he worked in a restaurant owned by one of his uncles.
Foox doon haddad tahay dukaan furan ma weydeene Maxaa faras magaalaha ku dhigay laga hooyday fiidki. If you are really looking for incense You could have found it in a shop! Why are you hanging around a closed place? While in Djibouti, he met his rival poet, Abdi Gahayr, who was the subject of satiric poems or lampoons. In Djibouti, Abdillahi also married his first wife, Barni.
In the mids, during the heyday of nationalism in the protectorates, Abdillahi Suldaan joined the Somali National League SNL and moved to Hargeisa, the headquarters of northern Somali nationalism. Indeed, in the military regime honored him by giving him a shahaaddo sharaf honor award for his devotion to and struggle for pan-Somali nationalism. On 7 February, he was buried in Gabiley. First president of Puntland State of Somalia, in A colonel in the Somali National Army SNA before the military coup of , he was imprisoned by Siad Barre but released in the early s and appointed manager of a state agency dealing with the importation of spare parts for government vehicles.
In , at the outbreak of the Ogaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia, he was reinstated as commander of the southwestern front in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. Abdillahi Yusuf, together with some other high-ranking Majerteen officers, staged an unsuccessful coup in April His coconspirators were court-martialed and executed, but Abdillahi fled to Kenya and then to Ethiopia, where in he formed the SSDF, a military and political front against Siad Barre.
They also set up the short-wave radio station Kulmis, the voice of the front and a powerful propaganda weapon against the Siad Barre regime. Thus in Barre was able to split the group and, as a consequence, the majority surrendered in response to an offer of general amnesty and payment for their surrendered arms.
Some were appointed to very lucrative posts. Ethiopia, annoyed with this development, put Abdillahi Yusuf in jail, where he remained until Mengistu Haile Mariam was peacefully removed from power and deported and Meles Zenawi came to power. Because anti-Darood sentiment was running high following the ouster of Siad Barre in , Abdillahi Yusuf was forced to concentrate his political activities in the Majerteen regions, Mudug and Bari the Majerteen is a subclan of the Darood. At the Garowe Conference in July , the Darood voted him president of their own Puntland State of Somalia in the hope that eventually they would be joined in a federal system with the other three entities.
Thus he opposed the Arta Reconciliation Conference of May—August , which established a central state. This veteran politician of the Habar Gedir subclan was born in Beled Weyne. He first became involved in politics in the early s at Moscow University, where he was a member of the executive committee of the Somali Students Association of the Soviet Union. In , he ran for parliament but lost. During the military regime, he was minister of industry and commerce — , minister of information and national guidance — , minister of youth and sports — , minister of culture and higher education — , minister of state , and minister of commerce Abdiqasim lived in Egypt for most of the civil war period.
However, in May he was elected interim president, because it was felt at the Arta Reconciliation Conference of May—August that only a Hawiye president would be able to govern Mogadishu, which was traditionally Hawiye. Moreover, it was felt that as it was the Hawiye warlords who had destroyed the city, they were in the best position to rebuild it. Second president — and first prime minister — of the Somali Republic. He was born at Harardheere, in the district of Hobyo.
There is a mosque named after him in Mogadishu. After completing his elementary education in in Mogadishu, he worked for the Italian colonial administration and the BMA — as a government clerk. He was a member of the SYL central committee in From to , he completed his secondary education in the School of Politics and Administration. Thus, he was part of a political elite created by the Italian trusteeship administration. He completed his undergraduate studies with a degree in political science at the University of Rome in , making him one of the first Somalis to have a university degree.
Following the Italian custom, he was addressed as dottore. He was the only graduate in the first Somali cabinet. From to , he was the first prime minister of the Somali Republic. He shifted his support to the East, but as a conservative Muslim he experienced conflict with the atheism of dialectic materialism.
Finally, he switched to a nonaligned foreign policy; throughout, he was a diehard pan-Somalist and his government struggled to unify the Somalis in Kenya, Ethiopia, and French Somaliland with the republic. In March , his government broke off diplomatic relations with United Kingdom when the UK refused to honor the result of the referendum in the Northern Frontier District NFD of Kenya in favor of uniting with the republic. In , he became president. The elections to the Assemblea Nazionale AN were singularly corrupt.
Anticlan politician, served as prime minister, —, and ambassador to the United Nations, — He was born into a nomadic family, which had its base in the Mudugh region and in southern Ethiopia circa , and was raised as a camel herder. Under the British Military Administration — , he joined the colonial troops. From to , he served as an interpreter in Baidoa. During the early Trusteeship period in southern Somalia, he was a clerk.
He had no formal education, but was fluent in English and Italian. In the first independent government, he was minister of interior from to and minister of public works and communication from to This appointment created clan conflict in the parliament and even within the SYL, the ruling party, because Abdirazak belonged to the Majerteen, the same subclan as Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, his predecessor as prime minister.
His awareness of the dissension brought about by clan identification was instrumental in the creation of a balanced cabinet of ministers of a manageable size representing all the major clans. This cabinet did not survive, for it failed to obtain a vote of confidence and Abdirazak was forced to reshuffle. All the new non—clan-based cabinets he proposed were also rejected.
Since his government, no prime minister or head of state has been able to form a relatively small ministerial cabinet that does not accommodate the interests of all the clans. Abdirazak opened his administration by dismissing officials he found incompetent.
Since the dismissal letters were arriving in busta rossa, the red envelopes commonly used then by government offices, this era is known infamously as the busta rossa time. He also began merit-pay salary increases for the first time. In , when Dr. He was the only one reelected on this ticket in When after the election every deputy joined the SYL hoping for a portfolio, Abdirazak was the only one who did not cross the aisle. Thus, he was the only deputy in opposition to the ruling party at the time of the military coup of October From to , he was detained, but in he was appointed ambassador to the United Nations, a post he held until early Since then, he has not been particularly active in politics, but since the early s he has been active in reconciliation efforts.
Zoppo was trained by the Italians, but completed his secondary education in Egypt in He was elected member of the Assemblea Legislativa in , was reelected in , and served as the vice president of the Assemblea Nazionale from May to July , when he became minister of finance in the first government of the Somali Republic.
In the election, Zoppo with Abdirazak Haji Hussein cofounded a new party, the Dabka Flame , but was not returned to office. However, in the late s he joined the growing opposition to Siad Barre and was a leading signer of the Inter-riverine Declaration of October , Bayaanki Labada Webi. He represented the Somali Democratic Movement in major reconciliation conferences until He was elected vice president of the interim Somali government at the Djibouti Conference of June—July and was cochairperson of the National Salvation Council NSC , the transitional national government formed at Sodere, in Abdulkadir Sakhawuddin was born in Tiyeglow, northeast of Biyoley, the spiritual center of Uwaysiyya.
He then joined the Qadiriyya order and became a devout Sufi contemplative mystic until he felt that he had reached ilham, one of the more elevated spiritual states. He traveled throughout the country and in the late s established a meeting place for young people in Mogadishu.
Sakhawuddin was remarkably well read in Arabic and Muslim history and political issues, and believed in the role of youth in promoting better social values. Sakhawuddin then started traveling again to promote the ideals and principles of the club throughout the country.
This time, he was fortunate that most of the Somali people were under one colonial administration, the British Military Administration. His sudden death was a great loss to his adherents. Thus, his dreams were realized. A prominent diplomat who in became the first premier of the first legislative parliament in Somalia, known as the Governo Somalo Government of Somalia. Born in the Hiran region, Abdullahi Issa was raised by his mother, Marera Dini, because his father died soon after his birth.
From to , he worked as a postal clerk in Marka, a coastal town south of Mogadishu. In late , Abdullahi Issa was elected as the secretary general, replacing the deceased Yassin Haji Osman. From to , Abdullahi Issa served as prime minister in the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian administration. From to , Abdullahi Issa held several cabinet portfolios, but from to , the military regime imprisoned him with other prominent politicians.
He was released from detention in and appointed as Somali ambassador to Sweden. Abdullahi Issa Mohamud died in Rome in March and his body was flown to Mogadishu to be buried in the Shermarke graves. Poet and actor. He recited his poetry, chanting the Abgaal genre called Guurow, on Radio Mogadishu, which he joined in Abdulle Raaghe was a multitalented actor who could perform tragic and comic roles, male as well as female; he could play the fool, but he was most remarkable in plays of social criticism and protest.
The s marked the emergence of the nonaligned movement as a third world power. Abdulle Raaghe thought nonalignment was weak and that the nation should choose the Eastern bloc or the West. In , he was accused of expressing antigovernment opinion in his poetry and arrested; he was held in solitary confinement in a Mogadishu prison known as Godka the hole for four years. In traditional Somali culture, the poet was supposed to have extraordinary power either to create or destroy.
In the later poem, he condemns those who are destroying the nation. Asluub iyo haddii Sharafi Jirin, Aaminna humaadey Aadaabtiyo hishoodki, haddii laga ugaaroobey Aargoosi reer hebal, haddii laysu aaneeyey Ee ruuh aan eed gelin, rasaas lagu asqeeysiyey Afdabeed ninkaan wadan, haddii aqalka loo dhaafay.
Abdulle Raaghe Taraawiil died in Mogadishu in April , in his late seventies. A code or formula from Eastern Egypt used to ascribe number values to each letter of the Arabic alphabet. In oral societies such as Somalia this system is very helpful for computing dates or even calculating mathematical equations. We know by subtracting from A. Thus, the Abjad numerals can always be decoded to determine correct historical dating.
The first president — of the Somali Republic. He was born in Beled Weyne, Hiran Region. Two years later, they moved to Baidoa, where Adan Abdulle started attending the colonial school and also worked part time as a houseboy for the family of an Italian clerk. For the adolescent Adan, this colonial experience was tremendously influential. However, when Tusso was transferred to Italy, the young Adan had to face the challenges of life alone. As life in Mogadishu was too difficult, Adan switched to the simpler life of the agrarian town of Afgoi, 30 kilometers north of Mogadishu, where he found a daytime job and enrolled in the serale school adult or night school.
This job helped him to complete quinta elementare fifth level , equivalent to the American eighth grade, the maximum education available for Somalis in colonial times. In , he was promoted to head of the personnel office, where he gained more civil service experience under the Italians.
In , he became one of the vice presidents of the council. Apparently, his charismatic leadership appealed to many Somalis outside his Beled Weyne constituency and Hiran Region. A year after becoming vice president, in , Adan Abdulle was elected president of the SYL, a very powerful political position. Adan Abdulle was elected to represent Beled Weyne district. The Assemblea Nazionale AN , which replaced the Constituent Assembly and was made up of members of both northern and southern parliaments, chose Adan Abdulle as provisional president of the republic for a period of one year.
In , the AN reelected him president of the republic for a full term, to last until In , he accepted his defeat in the presidential election and honorably surrendered his office to his elected successor, Dr. Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, but remained a member of the assembly. This indeed, was an exemplary act of decency and political maturity, which gave him heroic stature. Adan Abdulle Osman remained in the country after the military coup and throughout the years of the military regime — ; he did not flee Somalia during the civil war and refused to take sides.
Though he lacks armed protection, his property has remained untouched throughout the civil strife, a tribute to the deep respect and honor in which he is held by the Somali people. Although the camel and camel herders and owners have been praised in Somali literature, folktales, and proverbs, in both the past and present, this special poetic form, which glorifies the camel more than any other, has not been adequately recognized and studied.
The Adar form is recited at festive occasions such as aroos weddings , Urur the annual traditional clan festival , Dethyb which celebrates male birthdays or heroes after a war, or welcomes distinguished people from travel abroad , the Eids Islamic holy days , and national holidays.
In an athletic fashion, the young men of one group rest on their knees facing their opponents. The competition starts with an opening poetic verse, such as Dooy dala, duucjyo gaala heaven is Dooyland and the camel is the mother of wealth , followed by synchronized clapping, then quickly and unexpectedly, slapping of the arms of the other team. In the end, the winner stands up while the loser remains seated. The winner, on the one hand, praises himself and his town or clan and glorifies their camel, while on the other hand, he satirically annihilates and humiliates his opponents by associating them with cattle herders or farmers.
This competition is repeated over again and again. The winners always insult their opponents, ridiculing them satirically while musical instruments are played and the girls ululate. It is very interesting to watch Shabal if the winners alternate with losers, because then the Adar responses express the values and qualities of both clans, towns, or regions.
The Adar genre represents and celebrates camel behavior and colors; the quality of camel milk, meat, and fur; camel habitat; camel names female, male, and calf ; camel herders; and the social and economic value of camels. Adar also touches on issues relating, for example, to the history of clans, genealogies of families, wars between clans, biographies of heroes and saints, significant years, and migrations. The Shabal game can last for hours until a group is defeated or surrenders.
It always ends in a very friendly manner, unless it is between two rival groups that have historically or politically been in conflict. In the latter case, disturbances and even violence can occur. Even in these cases, however, tense situations are defused amiably.
The leaders of 15 Somali political movements signed this agreement at the conclusion of a National Reconciliation Conference in Addis Ababa. They resolved to stop fighting and to reconcile their differences through peaceful means. The agreement provided for a transitional period of two years, effective 27 March The signatories of this agreement also signed the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement and Supplement of January , with the exception of Col.
Mohamed Nur Alio, who signed as representative of the Somali Democratic Movement and the Somali National Alliance, instead of being a cosigner as he was in the earlier agreement. Representatives of 14 Somali political organizations met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 4 to 8 January and agreed to the convening of a National Reconciliation Conference in Addis Ababa on 15 March , the implementation of a cease-fire and modalities of disarmament, and the establishment of an ad hoc committee to help determine the criteria for participation at, and the agenda for, the reconciliation conference.
Abdi Musa Mayow, chairman, and Col. Among the dignitaries present on the occasion were the secretaries general of the United Nations and the League of Arab States and the representatives of the Organization of African Unity, the Organization of Islamic Conference, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. Known also as Mbalazi or Chimbalazi. This is a language spoken by people of the Bajuni Islands in Southern Somalia. The first armed encounter between the darwiish dervish troops and the British colonial forces in the British protectorate of Somaliland.
The British colonial troops were prepared to crush the darwiish forces established in about by Sayid Mahamed Abdulle Hasan, who sought to to launch the Salihiyya order and fight against the infidel colonial powers. But the British attack was delayed because it was the dry season and water resources were insufficient.
This delay helped the daraawiish the plural of darwiish because water was very necessary for their livestock and because it allowed them ample time for acquiring more ammunition and recruiting more followers for the movement. They were under the command of Colonel Swayne, known to the daraawiish as Suweyn Cawar one-eyed Swayne.
Their forces included 50 mounted troops, 20 camel corps, 1, infantry, 3 Maxim guns type of machine gun , 2 seven-pounder guns, and 1, transport camels. All garrisons in the Burao region and Haud were made to stand by in case further reinforcements were required. The darwiish forces were composed of 10, horsemen with swords and traditional weapons and 1, horsemen with rifles. There were some 3, darwiish members protecting families and managing the livestock.
On 3 June , the two forces clashed around noon, resulting in many dead and wounded on both sides, with each side claiming victory. The daraawish called the battle Haradhiig, or bloodbath, to remember it as the bloody day it was. This language is spoken around Jilib District, Middle Juba region. Linguistically, it belongs to the Cushitic family of languages. A distinctive language of a Digil clan family. Af-Dabarre is also spoken widely in the Qassy Dheere area.
Spoken by the Garre subclan of the Digil clan family. The Garre in Somalia also speak Af-Maay, while those in Kenya and Ethiopia also speak languages of the their respective countries in addition to their own Garre. Linguistically, Af-Garre has been reported to be close to Af-Boon. One of the oldest towns on the lower Shabelle valley, 30 kilometers north of Mogadishu, Afgoy is the site of Lafoole College, the first college of education in Somalia, built on the site of the battle of Lafoole of The sultanate ruled most of the Inter-riverine region until the Italian colonial occupation.
The inhabitants grew sorghum, beans, cotton, and later bananas and a variety of vegetables. The Afgoyans say laka beere beerwaye you can count on your farm , as opposed to the nomads, who counted on their camels. Afgoyans raised cows and goats for meat, milk, and ghee. They also traded in livestock and slaves. Afgoy was the crossroads of caravans bringing ivory, leopard skins, and aloe in exchange for foreign fabrics, sugar, dates, and firearms. Adeer founded the confederacy after he defeated the alliance of the Gurgaate, Hillibi, and Hintire.
His son, Ahmad Yusuf, who was a skilled diplomat, was killed in the battle of Agaaran, also by the Biamaal, in Afgoy began to decline after the death of Sultan Ahmad Yusuf, because the political alliances that defeated Bardera had fallen apart. Moreover, when the Biamaal diverted the caravan routes to Awdheegle and Marka, Afgoy was economically and politically crippled.
In , Georges Revoil, a French traveler, reported that the sultan of Geledi had great difficulty controlling his old allies and no longer received tributes. After the failure of the Banadir resistance in , Afgoy was defended only by the Ahmadiyya brotherhood, whose sheikhs were eventually captured and exiled or forced to flee. The Italians confiscated more than 2, hectares of arable land and established slave plantations that grew cotton, bananas, sugarcane, and various vegetables and fruits for export.
During Fascist times, Afgoy was linked by rail with lower Shabelle agrarian towns to transport sugarcane to the Villabruzzi, or Jowhar, sugar refinery and other agricultural products to the ports of Marka and Mogadishu. After independence, the Italian plantations were kept as state farms or run by privileged private citizens.
During the military regime, under the socalled land reform, the regime forced poor farmers to undersell their land to members of the Darood, the clan of Mohamed Siad Barre. If they did not, they were forced off their land or imprisoned.
By the mids, there were almost no local farmers left along the river. In this project, UNESCO furnished the services of a technical expert and equipment—such as vehicles, cinema projector, and epivisor—and documentary films, while AFIS provided operating expenses and local personnel.
The site selected was a bush center in Afmadow in the Lower Juba region, about kilometers northwest of Kismayu. The choice of Afmadow was due to its location in a nomad country, where in the rainy season there is plenty of good pasture, while in the dry season the nomads flocked to the town, where there were numerous wells and, for a short time, it was possible to meet and instruct the nomads in relatively large numbers. In the long run, the project would expand its activities and create more bush centers for training personnel in sufficient numbers to make a real impact on the nomads.
However, AUNEP failed for lack of resources and difficulties in sustaining both personnel and students. A distinct language from Af-Maay or Af-Mahaa, which are commonly spoken in Somalia and considered as the two main Somali languages. The speakers of Af-Maay are commonly known as Digil and Mirifle.
The language is readily intelligible by Digil speakers of Af-Garre, Af-Dabarre, Af-Jiddu, and Af-Tunni, but unintelligible to the Af-Mahaa speakers of the north and northeast of the Shabelle valley, except for the urbanized and itinerant populations. There are no pharyngeal sounds, but there are nasals, fricatives, and plosives. The official language of the former Somali Democratic Republic, commonly known as Af-Somali, since , when a modified Roman or Latin script was adopted as the standard script.
It is spoken widely in the Hiran, Mudug, Bari, Nugaal, and Sanaag regions, parts of the northwestern region, and parts of the Gedo and Lower Juba regions. Unlike Af-Maay, this language lacks nasal sounds and has distinctive pharyngeal phonemes. In , it became the language of the media, newspapers, radio and television, and instruction in schools. Af-Mahaa gained further currency and displaced other Somali languages in the rural areas due to the mass-literacy campaigns launched in under the rural development program of Ololaha Horumarinta Reer Miyiga, following the adoption of the script.
A language spoken by descendants of slaves who escaped from their Somali masters in the Inter-riverine regions in the early s. This language is spoken widely in Jilib and Jamaama Districts of Lower Juba, but also in Mogadishu, Kismayu, and Baidoa, because of migration to these urban areas. Af-Mushunguli belongs to the Niger-Congo language family and is intelligible to the speakers of waZigua, the Zigula, or Shamba in northern Tanzania.
A decisive battle between the Biamaal and the Geledi. On 16 April , the daraawiish dervishes defeated the British colonial troops at Agaarweyne. The three forces were to meet at Agaarweyne not later than 15 October The two countries agreed to support British troops in this endeavor, because it was in the best interest of all the colonial powers in the region to contain, control, or indeed crush the darwiish threat darwiish is the singular form of the term.
However, the daraawiish were fully aware of the British maneuvers. On the night of 15 October, they divided their forces into two shifts. They also decided upon the type of horse to deploy during the heat of the day and the type to deploy during the cool time. At dawn, the daraawiish attacked the enemy from four directions and at around A. The fighting lasted until late hours of the day.
Both sides suffered tremendous losses, but victory went to the daraawish. Nine British officers and more than men were killed: only six men were left unwounded from this battle. This sector accounts for roughly 20 percent of the gross domestic product and employs 30 percent of the population. Farms are found in the Inter-riverine region in the south and in a strip in Awdal region in the northwest, where rainfall is satisfactory and there are basic irrigation systems. Generally, there are three types of farming: irrigated, flood-irrigated, and rainfed or settled farming.
During the Trusteeship period — , efforts were made to build war catchments in the dry regions, floodcontrol works in the cultivated area between the Juba and Shabelle Rivers, and grain storage facilities. After independence — , civilian governments invested largely in state plantations and private farming and model farms to attract farmers and train them in the use of modern technology for export crops, such as sugarcane and bananas.
Somalia became nearly self-sufficient in grain and cereals and vegetables. However, in the military era — , the Supreme Revolutionary Council launched a number of three- and five-year plans to increase production, raise the standard of living, and create better working conditions. Crash Programs, Cooperative Developments, and agricultural settlements became the essential building blocks of a socialist economy. From the late s, most of these programs began to fail, owing to labor shortages, inadequate technology, and withdrawal of Soviet support in During the civil war, Somali farmers returned to preindustrial methods of cultivation.
His first expedition, —, concluded with the Abyssinian defeat at Shimbira Kure. The Emperor Lebna Dengel, who reigned —, was unable to organize any effective defense. Northern Shawa fell to the forces of Imam Ahmad in , followed by the fall of Amhara in and Tigrey in Muslim forces devastated the countryside and subjected almost all of the centuriesold Christian Abyssinian empire to Muslim governors.
Abyssinia was thought to be the site of the realm of the legendary priest-king, Prester John. Thus, Lebna Dengel appealed successfully in the name of Christ to the Portuguese. Moreover, the struggle against the Muslims was considered a crusade. The Portuguese had expelled their Moorish rulers in the late 15th century; now, they were certainly willing to help the Abyssinians drive Muslims out of the Horn. In , Imam Ahmad defeated the Portuguese forces under the command of Dom Christoval da Gama, who was captured and decapitated.
You waited patiently in your car for Ez to return, watching the clock on your phone to time your contractions and working on your deep breathing, wishing that maybe you had attended one of the Lamaze classes that Ez had suggested. You closed your eyes as a contraction hit, not noticing that Ez had returned until you felt him grasp your hand into his own. Sometimes things didn't exactly work out as planned; your sons father refusing to be by your side as you gave birth or the fact Will suddenly refused to believe your baby was his after you had moved back in with the Mayan had been absolutely gut wrenching and the opposite of what you had planned.
The fact that you were laying on an operating table awake but with no feeling from your belly down was unplanned but your poor boy had tangled himself in his umbilical cord and needed more medical assistance in his entrance than planned. You had insisted to Ez that if he was uncomfortable he didn't have to be there with you but he hadn't left your side, you had to admit seeing him in the disposable blue scrubs was a treat, it was almost as if you could see every single muscle as it bulged underneath and the disposable cap he had on was adorable.
You weren't exactly sure when but something in your relationship with Ezekiel had shifted, it could have been one of the times he had invited you into his bed after you had been awake all night tossing and turning, unable to get comfortable until you cuddled up to him and slept like a baby. You had felt the shift and by all the soft touches and late night craving missions he had gone on- you knew he had felt it too, you wouldn't be surprised if even Angel had noticed it at this point. Ez kept your attention on him to distract you from the fact you were awake while literal surgery was being performed on you, the only thing that tore your attention away from him was the first cry of your son.
You almost couldn't believe your eyes at how perfect he looked as he was placed in your arms, an overwhelming sense of warmth filling your chest as his tiny fist clenched the edge of your gown. Your private room was quiet as your son slept on your exposed chest, the nurse had explained that skin to skin contact was excellent for forming bonds and bringing the newborn comfort. Ez sat in the reclining chair that was provided to him for sleeping, his eyes soft as he admired the scene in front of him.
He felt honored that you let him be by your side for your C-section and let him witness such tender moments like this one. He nodded, not trusting his voice as he felt his throat thicken with emotion, instead he reached a gentle hand out, brushing a stray tendril of hair off your sweat slicked forehead before his lips connected to your own in a tender kiss.
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