Blackjack betting deviations
Card counters may make unique playing strategy deviations not normally used by non-counters. Extremely aggressive plays such as splitting tens and doubling soft 19 and 20 are often called out to the pit to notify them because they are telltale signs of not only card counters but hole carding. Technology for detecting card counters[ edit ] Several semi-automated systems have been designed to aid the detection of card counters. The MindPlay system now discontinued scanned card values as the cards were dealt.
The Shuffle Master Intelligent Shoe system also scans card values as cards exit the shoe. Software called Bloodhound and Protec 21 [35] allows voice input of card and bet values, in an attempt to determine the player edge. A more recent innovation is the use of RFID signatures embedded within the casino chips so that the table can automatically track bet amounts. To comply with licensing regulations, some blackjack protection systems have been designed to delay access to real-time data on the remaining cards in the shoe.
Bet variation. The simplest way a card counter makes money is to bet more when they have an edge. While playing back the tapes of a recent session of play, the software can generate a scatter plot of the amount bet versus the count at the time the bet was made and find the trendline that best fits the scattered points. If the player is not counting cards, there will be no trend; their bet variation and the count variation will not consistently correlate.
If the player is counting and varying bets according to the count, there will be a trend whose slope reflects the player's average edge from this technique. When card counters vary from basic strategy, they do so in response to the count, to gain an additional edge. The software can verify whether there is a pattern to play variation.
Of particular interest is whether the player sometimes when the count is positive takes insurance and stands on 16 versus a dealer 10, but plays differently when the count is negative. Countermeasures[ edit ] Casinos have spent a great amount of effort and money in trying to thwart card counters.
Countermeasures used to prevent card counters from profiting at blackjack include: [40] [41] [29] [42] Decreasing penetration, the number of cards dealt before a shuffle. This reduces the advantage of card counting. Banning known counters from playing blackjack, all games, or entering casino property trespassing.
Shuffling when a player increases their wager or when the casino feels the remaining cards are advantageous to the player preferential shuffling. Changing rules for splitting, doubling down, or playing multiple hands. This also includes changing a table's stakes. Not allowing entry into a game until a shuffle occurs no mid-shoe entry. Flat betting a player or making it so they cannot change the amount they bet during a shoe.
Canceling comps earned by counters. Confiscation of chips. Detention back rooming. Some jurisdictions e. Nevada have few legal restrictions placed on these countermeasures. Other jurisdictions such as New Jersey limit the countermeasures a casino can take against skilled players. Frequent or complex shuffling, for example, reduces the amount of playing time and consequently the house winnings.
Others, known as continuous shuffle machines CSMs , allow the dealer to simply return used cards to a single shoe to allow playing with no interruption. Because CSMs essentially force minimal penetration, they greatly reduce the advantage of traditional counting techniques. History[ edit ] American mathematician Edward O. Thorp is the father of card counting. Although mathematically sound, some of the techniques no longer apply, as casinos took countermeasures such as no longer dealing with the last card.
The counting system in Beat the Dealer, the count, is harder to use and less profitable than later systems. Before Beat the Dealer, a small number of professional card counters were beating blackjack games in Vegas and elsewhere. One was Jess Marcum, who developed the first full-fledged point-count system.
Another pre-Thorp card counter was professional gambler Joe Bernstein. And in the book, Playing Blackjack to Win, Roger Baldwin, Wilbert Cantey, Herbert Maisel, and James McDermott known as "The Four Horsemen" published the first accurate blackjack basic strategy and a rudimentary card counting system, devised solely with the aid of crude mechanical calculators — what used to be called "adding machines".
Ken Uston, perhaps the most famous card-counter through his 60 Minutes television appearance and his books, tended to overstate his winnings, as documented by players who worked with him, including Al Francesco and team member Darryl Purpose. Many card counters agree, however, that a simpler and less advantageous system that can be played flawlessly for hours earns an overall higher return than a more complex system prone to user error. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations.
May Learn how and when to remove this template message In the s Ken Uston was the first to write about a tactic of card counting he called the Big Player Team. The book was based on his experiences working as a "big player" BP on Al Francesco 's teams. In big-player blackjack teams a number of card counters, called "spotters", are dispatched to tables around a casino, where their responsibility is to keep track of the count and signal to the big player when the count indicates a player advantage.
The big player then joins the game at that table, placing maximum bets at a player advantage. When the spotter indicates that the count has dropped, they again signal the BP to leave the table. By jumping from table to table as called in by spotters, BP avoids all play at a disadvantage. In addition, since BP's play appears random and irrational, they avoid detection by the casinos. The spotters, who are doing the actual counting, are not themselves changing their bet size or strategy, so they are relatively inconspicuous.
With this style of play, a number of blackjack teams have cleared millions of dollars through the years. The publication of Ken Uston's books and of his landmark lawsuits against the casinos, both stimulated the growth of blackjack teams Hyland's team and the first MIT team were formed in Atlantic City shortly after the publication of Million Dollar Blackjack and increased casino awareness of the methods of blackjack teams, making it more difficult for such teams to operate.
Hyland and Francesco soon switched to a form of shuffle tracking called "Ace sequencing". Also referred to as "cutting to the Ace", this technique involves various methods designed to spot the bottom card during a shuffle ideally an Ace and expertly cut the deck and play future hands to force the player to receive the Ace.
This made it more difficult for casinos to detect when team members were playing with an advantage. In , members of the Hyland team were arrested for ace sequencing and blackjack team play at Casino Windsor in Windsor, Ontario , Canada. It was documented in court that Nevada casinos with ownership stakes in the Windsor casino were instrumental in the decision to prosecute team members on cheating charges. However, the judge ruled that the players' conduct was not cheating, but merely the use of intelligent strategy.
Continuous shuffling machines CSMs , that partially shuffle used cards back into the "shoe" after every hand, interfere with card counting. CSMs result in shallow penetration number of seen cards , reducing the effectiveness of card counting. Dealers deal the cards from one or two handheld decks, from a dealer's shoe , or from a shuffling machine.
Single cards are dealt to each wagered-on position clockwise from the dealer's left, followed by a single card to the dealer, followed by an additional card to each of the positions in play. The players' initial cards may be dealt face up or face down more common in single-deck games. The object of the game is to win money by creating card totals higher than those of the dealer's hand but not exceeding 21, or by stopping at a total in the hope that dealer will bust.
On their turn, players choose to "hit" take a card , "stand" end their turn and stop without taking a card , "double" double their wager, take a single card, and finish , "split" if the two cards have the same value, separate them to make two hands , or "surrender" give up a half-bet and retire from the game. Number cards count as their number, the jack, queen, and king "face cards" or "pictures" count as 10, and aces count as either 1 or 11 according to the player's choice.
If the total exceeds 21 points, it busts, and all bets on it immediately lose. After the boxes have finished playing, the dealer's hand is resolved by drawing cards until the hand achieves a total of 17 or higher a dealer total of 17 including an ace valued as 11, also known as a "soft 17", must be drawn to in some games and must stand in others. The dealer never doubles, splits, or surrenders. If the dealer busts, all remaining player hands win.
If the dealer does not bust, each remaining bet wins if its hand is higher than the dealer's and loses if it is lower. A player total of 21 on the first two cards is a "natural" or "blackjack", and the player wins immediately unless dealer also has one, in which case the hand ties. In the case of a tie "push" or "standoff" , bets are returned without adjustment.
A blackjack beats any hand that is not a blackjack, even one with a value of Wins are paid out at even money, except for player blackjacks, which are traditionally paid out at 3 to 2 odds. Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than This is common in single-deck blackjack games.
Additional side bets, such as "Dealer Match" which pays when the player's cards match the dealer's up card, are also sometimes available. Player decisions[ edit ] "Doubling Down" redirects here. After the initial two cards, the player has up to five options: "hit", "stand", "double down", "split", or "surrender". Each option has a corresponding hand signal. Hit: Take another card. Signal: Scrape cards against table in handheld games ; tap the table with finger or wave hand toward body in games dealt face up.
Stand: Take no more cards; also known as "stand pat", "sit", "stick", or "stay". Signal: Slide cards under chips in handheld games ; wave hand horizontally in games dealt face up. The additional bet is placed next to the original bet. Non-controlling players may or may not double their wager, but they still only take one card.
Signal: Place additional chips beside the original bet outside the betting box and point with one finger. Split: Create two hands from a starting hand where both cards are the same value. Each new hand gets another card so that the player has two starting hands. This requires an additional bet on the second hand. The two hands are played out independently, and the wager on each hand is won or lost independently.
In the case of cards worth 10 points, some casinos only allow splitting when the cards are the same rank. For example, could be split, but K could not. Doubling and re-splitting after splitting are often restricted. A valued card and an ace resulting from a split usually isn't considered a blackjack. Hitting split aces is often not allowed.
Non-controlling players can opt to put up a second bet or not. If they do not, they only get paid or lose on one of the two post-split hands. Signal: Place additional chips next to the original bet outside the betting box and point with two fingers spread into a V formation. Surrender: Forfeit half the bet and end the hand immediately.
This option is only available at some tables in some casinos, and the option is only available as the first decision. Signal: Spoken; there are no standard signals. Hand signals help the " eye in the sky " make a video recording of the table, which resolves disputes and identifies dealer mistakes. It is also used to protect the casino against dealers who steal chips or players who cheat.
Recordings can also identify advantage players. When a player's hand signal disagrees with their words, the hand signal takes precedence. A hand can "hit" as many times as desired until the total is 21 or more. Players must stand on a total of
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Determining Your Blackjack Bets: A Card Counter's GuideDeviations in blackjack are strategy alterations players make during playtime.
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